{"id":854,"date":"2023-12-18T15:22:31","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T07:22:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=854"},"modified":"2024-09-05T16:40:16","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T08:40:16","slug":"understanding-surge-protection-devices-spds","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/blog\/understanding-surge-protection-devices-spds\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Gerilim Koruma Cihazlar\u0131n\u0131 (SPD'ler) Anlamak"},"content":{"rendered":"<strong>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim korumas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131<\/strong>\r\n\r\nToday\u2019s world is full of electronic products and electrical devices that are susceptible to damage from overvoltage surges\r\n\r\nSurges caused by static discharge, capacitive and inductive loads or lightning can quickly destroy sophisticated electronic equipment and components used in industrial and commercial applications. These surges cripple operations \u2013 particularly the data and communication systems that virtually every enterprise relies upon today,\r\n\r\n<strong>18. Bask\u0131 A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Gerilim Koruma Gereksinimleri<\/strong>\r\n\r\n17. Bask\u0131, AQ kriterlerine uygun olarak elektrik dalgalanmalar\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni olan y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 temelinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, BS7671:2018 bunun yerine bir \u00e7arpman\u0131n ve ilgili dalgalanman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Yani, d\u00fczenleme 443.4, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 voltaj\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakileri i\u00e7erdi\u011fi durumlarda bir SPD'nin kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n ciddi \u015fekilde yaralanmas\u0131 veya hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi\u2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Kamu hizmetlerinin kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131 ve\/veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel mirasa zarar verilmesi\u2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Ticari veya end\u00fcstriyel faaliyetin kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131\u2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u2018\u00c7ok say\u0131da ayn\u0131 yerde bulunan bireyi etkiliyor\u2019<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBu asl\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck konutlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her \u015feyin art\u0131k yeterli a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilim korumas\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor.\r\n\r\n<strong>Elektrik Dalgalanmalar\u0131n\u0131n Nedenleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>\r\n\r\nElektrik dalgalanmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpmas\u0131ndan veya elektrik anahtarlamas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bir y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m 200.000A ak\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131yabilir ve parlama yang\u0131na veya elektrik \u00e7arpmas\u0131na neden olabilece\u011finden \u00f6zellikle tehlikelidir. B\u00fcy\u00fck end\u00fcktif y\u00fcklerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan anahtarlama dalgalanmalar\u0131 daha az a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olma e\u011filimindedir ancak daha fazla tekrarl\u0131d\u0131r ve potansiyel olarak sistem bile\u015fenlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131r.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpmas\u0131 \u2014 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli darbe, y\u00fcksek ak\u0131m ve gerilim, ancak en az rastlanan olay.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>G\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015ftirme - Artan olaylar:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Yard\u0131mc\u0131 ve m\u00fc\u015fteri y\u00fck\u00fc anahtarlama \u2013 Motorlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fckler, ar\u0131zalar, kapasit\u00f6r s\u0131ralar\u0131, sigorta ve devre kesicinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 vb.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kaynak de\u011fi\u015ftirme - ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u015febeke, jenerat\u00f6r setleri, fotovoltaik g\u00fc\u00e7 sistemleri ve r\u00fczgar enerjisi \u00fcretimi vb.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nSPD'ler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bir elektrik tesisat\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u011fl\u0131 cihazlar\u0131n t\u00fcm par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n hasar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemeye yararlar. Bunun nedeni, elektrikli ekipman\u0131n nominal dayan\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan ge\u00e7ici a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerilimdir; bu da bile\u015fenlerin yanmas\u0131, yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 ve hatta erimi\u015f kablolar gibi hasarlara neden olur.\r\n\r\n<strong>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Gerilim Koruma Cihaz\u0131 \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThere are three principal types of surge protection device in common use, depending on where they are installed within an installation.\r\n\r\nFirstly, Type 1 SPDs are capable of discharging partial lightning current with a waveform of 10\/350\u00b5s. This makes them suitable for installation on the supply side of the main service entrance, protecting the whole installation including the service panel from overvoltage. Typically, they use a spark gap to direct the surge to earth and prevent it reaching the building.\r\n\r\nSecondly, Type 2 SPDs are intended to protect equipment attached to an installation. They are positioned on the load side of the main service entrance across phase-neutral or phase-phase and prevent the spread of overvoltage through a metal oxide varistor (MOV) with an 8\/20\u00b5s current wave. MOVs maintain very high resistance until surge voltage is encountered, at which point resistance drops dramatically and excess current can be channeled to earth.\r\n\r\nFinally, Type 3 SPDs are much smaller scale and should only be used in conjunction with a Type 2 device. They are specifically designed for protecting sensitive equipment such as televisions and computers from overvoltage. Their voltage waves tend to be around 1.5\/50\u00b5s and current waves tend to be around 8\/20\u00b5s.\r\n\r\n<strong>AC G\u00fc\u00e7 Sistemi SPD Se\u00e7imi ve Uygulamas\u0131<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHaving determined the Class of SPD required, the correct voltage and configuration needs to be determined.\r\n\r\nTN-C System\r\n\r\nIn this system, the neutral and protective earth conductor is combined in a single conductor throughout the system. This conductor is referred to as a PEN, a \u201cProtective Earth &amp; Neutral\u201d. All exposed conductive equipment parts are connected to the PEN.\r\n\r\nTN-S System\r\n\r\nIn this system, a separate neutral and protective earth conductor is run throughout. The Protective Earth (PE) conductor is normally a separate conductor, but can also be the metallic sheath of the power cable. All exposed conductive equipment parts are connected to the PE conductor.\r\n\r\nTN-C-S System\r\n\r\nIn this system, the supply is configured as per TN-C, while the downstream installation is configured as per TN-S. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and earth and neutral are separated in the Main Distribution Board. This system is also known as Protective Multiple Earthing (PME) or Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). The supply PEN conductor is earthed at a number of points throughout the network and generally as close to the consumer\u2019s point- of-entry as possible.\r\n\r\nTT SYSTEM\r\n\r\nA system having one point of the source of energy earthed and the exposed conductive parts of the installation connected to independent earthed electrodes. The incoming supply neutral is not earthed at the main distribution board.\r\n\r\nIn the TT system, in order for overcurrent protective devices (fuses and circuit breakers) to operate in the intended manner, it is important that SPDs must not connect directly from phase to protective ground, but from phase to neutral and neutral to ground. Therefore, the Neutral-to-PE SPD carries both the PE to neutral impulse current and the PE to phase impulse currents. This SPD is recommended to be a GDT (Gas Discharge Tube) due to their generally superior energy handling characteristics.\r\n\r\nIT SYSTEM\r\n\r\nA system have no direct connection between live parts and earth, but all exposed conductive parts of the installation being connected to independent earthed electrodes. The source is either floating or earthed through a high impedance (to limit fault currents). This means that during a Phase to Earth fault, the systems continues to operate. This is detected, and maintenance efforts commenced to rectify the fault. However, during this time, the Phase to Earth voltage rises to the usual Line to Line voltage, and installed SPDs must withstand this during this time. Most installed IT systems do not utilize a neutral conductor \u2013 equipment is powered from line to line. The IT system is typically used in older installations in countries such as Norway and France. It is also used in special applications, such as intensive care wards of hospitals and special industrial applications.\r\n\r\n<strong>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Gerilim Korumas\u0131n\u0131n Koordinasyonu<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSPDs should have a protection level significantly lower than the rated impulse withstand voltage. SPDs should also always be from the same manufacturer.\r\n\r\nAn important factor to consider when installing surge protection is the total length of the leads connecting the SPD to the installation. They should be as short as possible, preferably totaling less than 0.5m and in no case totaling more than 1m. SPDs should always be installed according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions and preferably on the supply side of RCDs.","protected":false},"featured_media":855,"parent":0,"menu_order":150,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"blog_category":[8],"class_list":["post-854","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog_category-company-news"],"acf":{"des":"Today\u2019s world is full of electronic products and electrical devices that are susceptible to damage from overvoltage surges","txt":"<strong>The need for surge protection<\/strong>\r\n\r\nToday\u2019s world is full of electronic products and electrical devices that are susceptible to damage from overvoltage surges\r\n\r\nSurges caused by static discharge, capacitive and inductive loads or lightning can quickly destroy sophisticated electronic equipment and components used in industrial and commercial applications. These surges cripple operations \u2013 particularly the data and communication systems that virtually every enterprise relies upon today,\r\n\r\n<strong>18th Edition Surge Protection Requirements<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhereas the 17th Edition worked on the basis of the likelihood of a lightning strike \u2013 the principal cause of electricity surges \u2013 following the AQ criteria, BS7671:2018 instead considers the consequences of a strike and associated surge. Namely, regulation 443.4 states that an SPD must be installed where consequences caused by overvoltage include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Serious injury to, or loss of, human life\u2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Interruption of public services and\/or damage to cultural heritage\u2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Interruption of commercial or industrial activity\u2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Affecting a large number of collocated individuals\u2019<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis effectively means that everything but small domestic dwellings must now have adequate surge protection.\r\n\r\n<strong>Causes and Consequences of Electrical Surges<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMost electricity surges are caused either by lightning strikes or electricity switching. A bolt of lightning can carry a current of 200,000A and is particularly dangerous as the flashover can cause fire or electric shock. Switching surges caused by shutting down large inductive loads tend to be less extreme but more repetitive, potentially limiting the operating life of system components.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Lightning strikes \u2014 Large scale impact, high current and voltage, but least common occurrence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Power switching \u2014 Increasing occurrences:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Utility and customer load switching \u2013 Motors, large loads, faults, capacitor banks, fuse and circuit breaker operation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Source switching \u2014 smart grid, gensets, photovoltaic power systems and wind power generation, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIn terms of SPDs, they serve to prevent damage to all parts of an electrical installation and attached appliances. This is caused by transient overvoltage exceeding the rated withstand limit of electrical equipment, thus causing damage such as burned components, degraded insulation and even melted wires.\r\n\r\n<strong>Types of Surge Protection Device<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThere are three principal types of surge protection device in common use, depending on where they are installed within an installation.\r\n\r\nFirstly, Type 1 SPDs are capable of discharging partial lightning current with a waveform of 10\/350\u00b5s. This makes them suitable for installation on the supply side of the main service entrance, protecting the whole installation including the service panel from overvoltage. Typically, they use a spark gap to direct the surge to earth and prevent it reaching the building.\r\n\r\nSecondly, Type 2 SPDs are intended to protect equipment attached to an installation. They are positioned on the load side of the main service entrance across phase-neutral or phase-phase and prevent the spread of overvoltage through a metal oxide varistor (MOV) with an 8\/20\u00b5s current wave. MOVs maintain very high resistance until surge voltage is encountered, at which point resistance drops dramatically and excess current can be channeled to earth.\r\n\r\nFinally, Type 3 SPDs are much smaller scale and should only be used in conjunction with a Type 2 device. They are specifically designed for protecting sensitive equipment such as televisions and computers from overvoltage. Their voltage waves tend to be around 1.5\/50\u00b5s and current waves tend to be around 8\/20\u00b5s.\r\n\r\n<strong>Selection and Application of AC Power System SPD<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHaving determined the Class of SPD required, the correct voltage and configuration needs to be determined.\r\n\r\nTN-C System\r\n\r\nIn this system, the neutral and protective earth conductor is combined in a single conductor throughout the system. This conductor is referred to as a PEN, a \u201cProtective Earth &amp; Neutral\u201d. All exposed conductive equipment parts are connected to the PEN.\r\n\r\nTN-S System\r\n\r\nIn this system, a separate neutral and protective earth conductor is run throughout. The Protective Earth (PE) conductor is normally a separate conductor, but can also be the metallic sheath of the power cable. All exposed conductive equipment parts are connected to the PE conductor.\r\n\r\nTN-C-S System\r\n\r\nIn this system, the supply is configured as per TN-C, while the downstream installation is configured as per TN-S. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and earth and neutral are separated in the Main Distribution Board. This system is also known as Protective Multiple Earthing (PME) or Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). The supply PEN conductor is earthed at a number of points throughout the network and generally as close to the consumer\u2019s point- of-entry as possible.\r\n\r\nTT SYSTEM\r\n\r\nA system having one point of the source of energy earthed and the exposed conductive parts of the installation connected to independent earthed electrodes. The incoming supply neutral is not earthed at the main distribution board.\r\n\r\nIn the TT system, in order for overcurrent protective devices (fuses and circuit breakers) to operate in the intended manner, it is important that SPDs must not connect directly from phase to protective ground, but from phase to neutral and neutral to ground. Therefore, the Neutral-to-PE SPD carries both the PE to neutral impulse current and the PE to phase impulse currents. This SPD is recommended to be a GDT (Gas Discharge Tube) due to their generally superior energy handling characteristics.\r\n\r\nIT SYSTEM\r\n\r\nA system have no direct connection between live parts and earth, but all exposed conductive parts of the installation being connected to independent earthed electrodes. The source is either floating or earthed through a high impedance (to limit fault currents). This means that during a Phase to Earth fault, the systems continues to operate. This is detected, and maintenance efforts commenced to rectify the fault. However, during this time, the Phase to Earth voltage rises to the usual Line to Line voltage, and installed SPDs must withstand this during this time. Most installed IT systems do not utilize a neutral conductor \u2013 equipment is powered from line to line. The IT system is typically used in older installations in countries such as Norway and France. It is also used in special applications, such as intensive care wards of hospitals and special industrial applications.\r\n\r\n<strong>Coordination of Surge Protection<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSPDs should have a protection level significantly lower than the rated impulse withstand voltage. SPDs should also always be from the same manufacturer.\r\n\r\nAn important factor to consider when installing surge protection is the total length of the leads connecting the SPD to the installation. They should be as short as possible, preferably totaling less than 0.5m and in no case totaling more than 1m. SPDs should always be installed according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions and preferably on the supply side of RCDs."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog\/854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"blog_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.britecelectric.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_category?post=854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}